Hidden on a huge rock on the Lord Howe Island Group in Australia, scientists have found a ghoulish creature long-thought extinct.

To the unassuming traveler, the Lord Howe Island Group probably looks like a tropical paradise. And while it’s true that the lush forests, beaches and coral reef are something of a haven, there’s more to these Australian islands than first meets the eye. Indeed, one particular isle has been harboring a decades-old, skin-crawling secret that was left undiscovered for over 80 years.

Found between Australia and New Zealand, the Lord Howe Island Group lies in the Tasman Sea. The rocky landmasses that form it are comprised mostly of volcanic remnants, and the main isle, known simply as Lord Howe Island, is just 6.2 miles long.

What’s more, before European settlers moved to the central island permanently in 1834, the stretch of land was seemingly uninhabited. The Polynesians in the South Pacific had no idea that it even existed, in fact. And it’s incredible to think that for many years, the island remained potentially untouched by humans.

However, in 1788 – so, several decades prior to people arriving on the island – a British lieutenant named Henry Lidgbird Ball had become the first European to spot the landmass. Ball was commander of the oldest First Fleet ship, HMS Supply, which had left England with ten other vessels to found Australia’s first European settlement. And it was while the lieutenant was en route to the nearby Norfolk Island with a cargo of convicts that he first laid eyes on Lord Howe Island.

Then, just under a month later, Ball embarked upon his return journey from Norfolk Island. And during this section of his voyage, he did more than simply observe Lord Howe Island. This time, in fact, he sent a boarding party to the shore and claimed the land for his home country.

As the discoverer of the island group, then, Ball had the honor of naming the various land masses of which it’s comprised. And he named the most prominent island after the then First Lord of the Admiralty – the political figurehead of the British Royal Navy – Richard Howe. Somewhat inevitably, he also put his own name on two other places there: Mount Lidgbird and Ball’s Pyramid.

As mentioned earlier, though, it wasn’t until 1834 that the earliest settlers arrived on Lord Howe Island. Three men landed on the shore under the employment of a whaling firm in Sydney and were accompanied by their Māori wives and children. The new natives then established a fresh water supply along with a garden and huts, and they also used their stores of meat, fish, wood and vegetables to barter for commodities only available on the mainland.

Then, over the next couple of decades, several different businesses would use Lord Howe Island as a hub for their employees, establishing farms and trading outposts there. In the early 1850s HMS Herald’s captain Henry Denham conducted a hydrographic survey of the island, too. Along with a team of biologists, he thus collected valuable information on the area’s flora, fauna and geology.

And the Lord Howe Island Group certainly has its fair share of natural splendor; it has even been designated by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site. The majority of the islands are covered in lush forest containing all manner of wildlife, while the area also teems with historical, cultural and natural points of interest.

In fact, the flora and fauna on the main island became a subject of interest not all that long after Ball’s initial discovery. In May 1788, you see, a number of other First Fleet ships – including HMS Scarborough, HMS Charlotte and Lady Penrhyn – visited the land, and the crew of these vessels subsequently made many notes in their diaries and journals about animal and plant life there.

At around this time, several artists also made watercolor sketches of the island’s wildlife. Artists John Hunter and George Raper, for instance, both documented native birds such as the white gallinule, the Lord Howe pigeon and Lord Howe woodhen. Unfortunately, though, the first two of these species have since been hunted to extinction – with the paintings acting as the only remaining evidence that they ever existed at all.

Meanwhile, in addition to its use as a provisioning port and trading post, the main island experienced an early economic boom by way of the whaling industry. In the late 18th century, whalers began operating in the Pacific, chasing sperm whales into the southern hemisphere. And Lord Howe Island was perfectly positioned in an area that saw the mammals thrive.

In fact, at one point, whale oil was Australia’s most profitable export. But the boom couldn’t last forever, and the whaling industry eventually took a downward turn in the 1860s. Nevertheless, a new economic enterprise blossomed in its place for the residents of Lord Howe Island.

There were several factors at play in the decline of the whaling industry in the mid-19th century. Perhaps top of the list, though, was that alternative energy sources such as petroleum began to take precedence. In 1859, you see, the U.S. produced up to 2,000 barrels of petroleum every year; at the turn of the century, however, the same number was being pumped out every 17 minutes.

And as whaling began to fall off, Lord Howe Island’s inhabitants were forced to explore other ways to generate income. As a result, then, a man named Nathan Thompson – who is the ancestor of many of the island’s modern-day residents – purchased a ship and began trading food and animals with Sydney. Alas, the boat was sadly lost at sea in 1873.

In the 1870s, however, the island’s unique kentia palm plant was becoming increasingly popular. Then in 1878 Lord Howe Island officially became a forest reserve. And it wasn’t long before the island’s first government administrator – one Captain Richard Armstrong – was appointed.

During his time as the island’s administrator, Armstrong was a major proponent of the kentia palm trade. His tenure also saw him oversee the construction of roads around the island, support schools and encourage residents to plant trees. Despite all this, though, Armstrong still didn’t win favor with the local populace, and a parliamentary report recommended that he be replaced.

Nevertheless, the island’s economy did indeed grow through the exporting of kentia palms. The industry thrived in the 1880s, and the once endemic plants are now grown all over the world. In fact, the production of kentia seeds is central to the island’s economy to this day. Furthermore, following World War II, Lord Howe Island became a popular tourist destination too.

Image: via hotpot.se — Image: Darren Sears

In all, 28 different islands, islets and rocks form the group, which is protected by the Lord Howe Island Act 1981. The legislation covers around 70 percent of the main island, designating it a “permanent park preserve.” Meanwhile, the waters around the islands form the Lord Howe Island Marine Park.

Southeast of the main landmass lies the uninhabited Ball’s Pyramid, known for being the world’s tallest volcanic rock stack. It stands at a mighty 1,844 feet high, and like the rest of the islands in the group, it’s a rocky remnant of a six million-year-old volcano.

Ball’s Pyramid was discovered in 1788 during that same voyage which discovered the main island. And yet nobody would step foot on the volcanic tower for nearly 100 years after its discovery. Indeed, it wasn’t until 1882 that geologist Henry Wilkinson made the first recorded journey ashore.

Since then, a number of people have attempted to scale the huge piece of rock. In 1964 for instance, a group of Australian climbers failed to complete their ascent after exhausting their supplies. A year later, however, four members of the Sydney Rock Climbing Club finally reached the peak.

The climbing community’s relationship with the island has been uneasy over the years. In fact, in the 1980s climbing there was banned altogether. But nowadays some people are able to scale the rock after going through a formal application process.

However, there’s another, very different reason that people travel to Ball’s Pyramid – and, interestingly, it has very little to do with climbing at all. Rather, it relates to one of the few forms of life able to survive on its rocky mass.

Until the early 20th century, the Lord Howe Island stick insect, or Dryococelus australis, was plentiful on the group of islands; it was even used as fishing bait. The insect – which is native to the island group – can grow up to eight inches in length and weigh up to an ounce. And while males of the species are roughly 75 percent the size of their female equivalents, they nevertheless tend to have thicker thighs.

Furthermore, the Dryococelus australis displays some unusual traits when compared to similar species. For instance, the male and female insects pair off – behavior considered particularly uncommon among insects. And while most stick insects have wings, those native to the Lord Howe Island Group don’t – but they are speedy runners.

However, the female insects don’t need the males to survive. In fact, they can reproduce entirely on their own. Therefore, this handy evolutionary trick has helped the Dryococelus australis to survive even in particularly low populations.

Nevertheless, by 1920 the insects had been declared extinct. Just two years earlier, a supply ship had run aground on the shores of Lord Howe Island, bringing with it a plague of black rats. And it hadn’t taken long for the rats to totally destroy the population of Dryococelus australis.

So it was that scientists assumed the stick insects would never be seen again. Then, however, a group of climbers stumbled upon the remains of a Dryococelus australis on Ball’s Pyramid. Moreover, this was some 44 years after the last known sighting of the insect, dead or alive.

Over the next few decades, scientists then managed to find a handful more dead specimens. But any attempts to discover their source proved fruitless. However, in 2001 a team of scientists journeyed to Ball’s Pyramid to investigate for themselves.

With a pair of assistants in tow, Australian scientists Nicholas Carlile and David Priddel traveled to the landmark, theorizing that the vegetation there should be able to support the insects. Unfortunately, though, the group had no luck finding what they were after during daylight hours. They climbed close to 400 feet up the grassy slope, in fact, but only turned up crickets and insect droppings.

Instead, then, the scientists decided to come back at night – not least because the insects were historically nocturnal. So, armed with a flashlight, Carlile therefore returned to the slopes after dark with a local ranger. And, happily, the duo soon unearthed a group of 24 Dryococelus australis – all of which were alive and well.

Image: Facebook/Animal Stories Indonesia

Meanwhile, the scarcity of Dryococelus australis has earned it the nickname “the rarest insect in the world.” That said, 15 years after their rediscovery, the stick insects had become a little less few and far between. And the search for them continued, when in 2003 scientists from New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service headed to Ball’s Pyramid to collect specimens of the insect.

The research team ultimately acquired two pairs of Dryococelus australis – one for Melbourne Zoo and another for a private breeder based in Sydney. And while the zookeepers in Melbourne struggled at first to get the insects to reproduce, eventually they managed to successfully increase their numbers.

In 2006, in fact, the number of Dryococelus australis in captivity had reached around 50, while there were also thousands of unhatched eggs. And two years later, when anthropologist Jane Goodall visited Melbourne Zoo, that number had exploded. Amazingly, there were now 700 individuals in captivity along with over 11,000 eggs.

Image: Facebook/Working Holiday in Australia

Shortly after Goodall’s visit, 20 of the insects were then returned from the zoo to a designated habitat set up on Lord Howe Island. Indeed, the eventual aim of the scientists has been to reintroduce the insects to their native home. But before that, a project to rid the island of its invasive rat population must prove successful.

Yes, the rats that were thought to have first extinguished the Dryococelus australis population are still an issue today. In fact, estimates suggest there are currently 1,000 rodents for each of Lord Howe Island’s 350 residents. And efforts to eradicate the rats have been met with resistance, as there are fears that the campaign could also harm the very insect researchers are trying valiantly to save.

It seems, too, that discoveries about the Dryococelus australis are apparently still being made. For example, in 2014 a team of unauthorized climbers spotted live insects close to Ball’s Pyramid’s summit – suggesting, perhaps, that the creatures are more widespread than previously believed. And two years later, the insect’s captive population had increased even further, as Melbourne Zoo had at that point successfully hatched 13,000 eggs.

Then in 2017 scientists conducted a study comparing the Dryococelus australis found on Ball’s Pyramid with the remains found on Lord Howe Island. And, intriguingly, the results of the DNA analysis showed that the two populations did indeed both come from the same species – despite there being a handful of morphological differences between them.

Meanwhile, in order to establish backup populations, the researchers have dispatched eggs to zoos in Europe, the United States and Canada. It’s astonishing to think that for 80 years Dryococelus australis flew completely under the radar of humanity. Yet now it’s flourishing thanks to a tiny community that managed to survive.

Astonishingly, this isn’t the only atoll that’s been totally taken over by creepy-crawlies. Take Ilha da Queimada Grande, for example. While the island may look like a jungle paradise, there’s a deadly secret lurking within its foliage – one so dangerous, in fact, that only a few explorers have ever dared to step foot there.

If you sail from the coastal city of Itanhaém in Brazil and head south, you’ll come across a small island. It’s unassuming and measures just over 100 acres – and no one lives there. That’s because Ilha da Queimada Grande hides a deadly secret. And only a handful of intrepid travelers and scientists have made the journey to the atoll to report back on its treasures.

If you view Ilha da Queimada Grande from a boat, it may look inviting. Its rainforest probably gives the impression of a jungle paradise to onlookers, and its sandy beaches look like the perfect places to spend a lazy hour or two. The climate is ideal for barefoot strolls, too, getting to a balmy 66 degrees Fahrenheit in winter and rising to 82 degrees when summer kicks in. But don’t be fooled by this air of idyll.

Once you land on Ilha da Queimada Grande, it becomes even more deceiving. Think thick foliage and outcrops of rock wherever you look – and the sound of waves landing on the shores never being too far away. But this spectacular landscape hides one of the natural world’s deadliest predators.

In fact, danger lurks around practically every corner: this seemingly peaceful paradise is actually known as “Snake Island.” In the past, people have said that the islet was home to hundreds of thousands of snakes. And although estimates are far lower than that today, there are still plenty of serpents living on the island. The reason for this drop in numbers, however, may stem from the actions of an even more ruthless predator.

Among the snakes on the island is Dipsas albifrons, which is no danger to humans. It is a lethal enemy of snails, though, which it happily consumes. But alongside this snail-eater are at least a couple of thousand golden lancehead vipers. And they pose a much greater threat to people. In fact, they are among the deadliest snakes on Earth.

The golden lancehead viper is a member of the Bothrops genus – a group of snakes named for the shape of their heads. But the ones on Ilha da Queimada Grande are distinguished by the color of their bellies. And although 36 sister species are found across South America, the golden lancehead viper is only found on this specific island.

While golden lanceheads usually grow to a little over 2 feet long, some, terrifyingly, have been observed at nearly double that. And if that’s not worrying enough, these snakes have evolved a long tail so that they can travel through trees. However, the creatures are doomed to stay on their island home.

That’s because the golden lancehead viper cannot swim. Some snakes are perfectly at home in water; for instance, some coral reef snakes live their whole lives in the sea. But these serpents don’t like to get their snouts wet. And so, they’ve lived in isolation on this island for thousands of years.

But how did the golden lancehead come to live on Ilha da Queimada Grande in the first place? One story goes that pirates brought the serpents ashore and used them to guard their buried treasure from other bandits. Mind you, it’s not clear how these gold-loving buccaneers might have managed to convince the snakes not to attack them, too.

In fact, the truth about the snakes is that they became stranded on Ilha da Quiemada Grande about 11,000 years ago. It’s believed that the level of the sea rose so much that the island was cut off from mainland Brazil. Then, isolated on their new home, the serpents evolved over the following millennia into their own distinct species.

Thanks to this remote island habitat, the golden lancehead viper has no known predators. It’s possible that youngsters may fall prey to various creeping, crawling and flying beasts. But once grown, it is believed that the snakes live in complete safety. And this has meant that the creatures have been able to reproduce to the point that the atoll is now swarming with them.

But just as Ilha da Quiemada Grande seemingly has nothing that can challenge the viper, it in turn provides little for it to tuck into. Indeed, the main source of food comes in the form of birds that have landed on the island during their seasonal migration. And to get at the prey, the serpents have to wriggle skyward, climbing up tall rainforest trees.

That said, the golden lancehead only really chows down on two species of birds. This is despite the fact that 41 species have been spotted on the island. The viper eats the southern house wren – if it can catch it. And the snake also enjoys the occasional meal of white-crested elaenia, which is a flycatcher that feeds in the same places as the snake.

Meanwhile, a curious outcome of preying on birds is that the golden lancehead viper has evolved powerful, fast-acting venom. Snakes usually pursue their victims after biting them, you see, waiting for them to succumb. But this isn’t as easy once it comes to birds, and so the species has adapted to possess a far more deadly weapon.

So potent is the golden lancehead’s poison, in fact, that if one of these snakes bites you then you have a seven percent chance of dying. And even if you’re treated, the likelihood of death is three percent. The other consequences of a bite aren’t pretty, either, mind you. For instance, the venom can cause a person’s kidneys to fail or their brain to bleed.

What’s more, the venom is so toxic that it can also melt skin. When chemists have studied the poison, they’ve observed that it may be five times stronger than that of other Bothrops snakes. Altogether, the powerful punch of the snake’s bite means that the golden lancehead viper ranks among the world’s most dangerous serpents. And yet not even this unsettling revelation has kept some individuals away from Ilha da Quiemada Grande.

Indeed, locals on the Brazilian coast have their fair share of stories about the snakes’ deadliness. One terrifying tale is that about a fisherman who visited the isle for bananas, not knowing that it was home to the vipers. Assailed by the serpents, it’s said that he struggled back to his boat, where he was allegedly found lying stone dead. But he wouldn’t be the last explorer to be tempted by the island’s riches.

Perhaps unsurprisingly there is a lighthouse on the island to warn mariners of the rocky shoreline. And it’s believed that a plucky handful of people actually lived there for some years, although this was a long time ago. They tended to the lighthouse between 1909 and the 1920s – until tragedy struck.

You see, one dark night, a bunch of vipers allegedly slipped into the lighthouse keeper’s home. And there were gruesome consequences: it’s said that he and his family were killed by the vicious reptiles while they were sleeping. Worse still, when rescuers arrived to search for the family, they too apparently fell prey to the deadly creatures.

And while this story may be more myth than fact, there’s no doubt that the location still poses a threat today. Indeed, when staff from Vice magazine accompanied the Brazilian navy to the lighthouse, they were in for a nasty surprise. The magazine’s Editor in Chief had been sitting on a box in the lighthouse, out from which a snake slithered just moments later. Clearly, the journalist had had a lucky escape.

Given this danger, no one lives on Ilha da Quiemada Grande today, and the lighthouse now works automatically. The Brazilian navy, meanwhile, forbids anyone from even visiting the isle apart from a few specific exceptions. So, since the 1920s, very few individuals have ever stepped foot on Snake Island. But there are still some who are daring enough to make the eight-hour trip.

Among them are Brazilian servicemen, since the navy has the responsibility of keeping the lighthouse in good condition. Some researchers are also permitted to study the snakes, with the island and its serpentine inhabitants proving important to science. And as we’ve already noted, journalists accompany these visitors on rare occasions, too.

When it comes to scientists, they spend their time on the island monitoring the serpents and keeping the species going. This care is needed because Snake Island is not a natural habitat for the vipers – despite its moniker. Researchers hence look at where the snakes move and what parts of the island they inhabit. And they also work to restore the atoll’s vegetation, which has been damaged over time.

The work in tracking the serpents is done by small groups of experts who visit the island regularly. These brave souls actually set out to capture individual vipers. And once they get their hands on one, they measure the animal’s weight and length before injecting a tag into it and letting it go.

Of course, the scientists must take precautions when they visit. They have to dress appropriately and be on the lookout for slithering serpents. Plus ,they handle the snakes with specialized equipment designed to keep themselves safe. And understandably, the authorities won’t let anyone onto the island unless a doctor goes, too.

One person who hasn’t been put off by the risks posed by the vipers is photographer João Marcos Rosa. He has visited the island three times in order to snap images of the snakes and their spectacular habitat. And some of the daredevil’s stunning images can be seen right here in this article.

Rosa traveled to Ilha da Queimada Grande with a group of researchers who were taking a census of the island’s snakes. During the four-day trip, Rosa saw the deadly serpents first hand and at terrifyingly close proximity. As he told Scribol, “It is easy to find the snakes. As soon as you leave the rocks and start walking in the middle of the trees, you will always find them.”

Indeed, Rosa and the team happend across hundreds of snakes during the course of their four-day visit; it seems as though the creatures were wherever they turned. During a trek to the uppermost part of the island, Rosa and the scientists reported that they had “48 encounters with [individual snakes].” And while this may give us the shudders, it was a risk that the photographer was willing to take.

In order to get the best photographs, Rosa had to get very close to the snakes at times. In fact, he would position himself just a few inches from the serpents. It’s a situation that would make most people extremely nervous – and rightly so. But for Rosa, it was all worth it for the perfect shot.

That said, Rosa and the researchers did take a number of precautionary steps on their visits to Ilha da Queimada Grande. It was important to make the possibility of a bite as unlikely as possible, after all. Rosa explained, “We had to use protections for our legs and be very careful where we put our hands [in order to] not grab a snake.”

And it would seem that said measures were effective – for Rosa and for others – as there’s no official record of a viper biting a human on the island. But other lancehead snakes have been known to be deadly, too. In fact, they cause more deaths than any other serpent in the Americas. In Brazil alone, for instance, they are actually responsible for nine out of ten snakebites. One can only wonder if this information is known to those who would visit the island illegally.

That’s right: the snakes’ dangerous reputation has not put off travelers from illicitly making their way to the island’s shores. These wildlife “bio pirates” land with the aim of capturing the vipers in order to sell them on the black market. Just one serpent can go for as much as $30,000. So it’s no wonder that even security cameras cannot deter the poachers. There are reportedly even temptations for those in law enforcement who are tasked with capturing the bio pirates.

Yes, there are in fact claims that corruption has crept into the police’s crackdown on the poachers. A smuggler using the pseudonym “Juan” told Vice that criminals could pay inspectors a bribe. And this would subsequently help get them out of prison. He went even further, though, suggesting that some authorities were actually involved in smuggling themselves.

This illicit activity has perhaps played a part in landing the golden lancehead viper on the Brazilian endangered species list. Meanwhile, competition for food seems to have suppressed the population of the snakes. A 2008 survey in fact suggested that there were no more than 4,000 of these serpents on the island – and it identified illegal capture of the serpents as a critical threat to their survival.

Another reason for the snakes’ endangered status is revealed by the island’s name. In Portuguese, Ilha da Queimada Grande means “Island of the Great Burn.” This moniker stems from the fact that people once tried to create a plantation for bananas there. And to clear the land, they had to burn the rainforest – likely killing vast numbers of the serpents and destroying much of their habitat.

Mind you, biologist Marcelo Duarte says that there is still probably one snake for every 11 square feet on the island. And Duarte should know, as he’s been to the island on no fewer than 20 occasions. Frighteningly, the prevalence of the serpents means that you are, on average, within about three feet of one at any given time. It may be a good thing that there are so many of the creatures, though, as they could hold a very important purpose.

Duarte told Smithsonian in 2014 that the golden lancehead viper may yield significant medicinal value. Indeed, he explained that the snake’s venom has the potential to assist with blood circulation, clotting and heart disease. Speaking to the magazine, he said, “We are just scratching this universe of possibilities of venoms.”

More wrongly, though, this medical potential may actually be what is fuelling the smuggling trade. The poachers’ clients may be willing to shell out thousands for a single snake in order to get hold of the venom, which they could then patent. And individuals have apparently been known to offer cash to scientists on their return from the island in exchange for live specimens.

All in all, though, Ilha da Queimada Grande will probably never be much of a tourist destination. Indeed, during their trip, the journalists from Vice magazine found that the snakes were just one of the alarming animal species to be found on the island: they shared their camp with locusts and giant cockroaches, too. Suffice to say that they did not make a return booking.

So while it’s not impossible to break the law to sneak onto the island, it’s a very bad idea indeed. Instead, visitors can safely see the snakes at Duarte’s Butantã Institute in São Paulo, or they can visit that city’s zoo. There, five of the venomous reptiles can be found, safely contained behind a fence: all hiss and no bite.